CDA数据分析师 出品

作者opencartseokeyword：CDA教研组

编辑：Mika

背景：以某大型电商平台的用户行为数据为数据集opencartseokeyword，使用大数据处理技术分析海量数据下的用户行为特征opencartseokeyword，并通过建立逻辑回归模型、随机森林对用户行为做出预测;

案例思路:

#全部行输出from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell InteractiveShell.ast_node_interactivity = "all"

数据字典:

U_Id:the serialized ID that represents a user

T_Id:the serialized ID that represents an item

C_Id:the serialized ID that represents the category which the corresponding item belongs to Ts:the timestamp of the behavior

Be_type:enum-type from (‘pv’, ‘buy’, ‘cart’, ‘fav’)

pv: Page view of an item's detail page, equivalent to an item click

buy: Purchase an item

cart: Add an item to shopping cartfav: Favor an item

这里关键是使用dask库来处理海量数据opencartseokeyword，它的大多数操作的运行速度比常规pandas等库快十倍左右。

pandas在分析结构化数据方面非常的流行和强大opencartseokeyword，但是它最大的限制就在于设计时没有考虑到可伸缩性。pandas特别适合处理小型结构化数据，并且经过高度优化，可以对存储在内存中的数据执行快速高 效的操作。然而随着数据量的大幅度增加，单机肯定会读取不下的，通过集群的方式来处理是最好的选 择。这就是Dask DataFrame API发挥作用的地方:通过为pandas提供一个包装器，可以智能的将巨大的DataFrame分隔成更小的片段，并将它们分散到多个worker(帧)中，并存储在磁盘中而不是RAM中。

Dask DataFrame会被分割成多个部门，每个部分称之为一个分区，每个分区都是一个相对较小的 DataFrame，可以分配给任意的worker，并在需要复制时维护其完整数据。具体操作就是对每个分区并 行或单独操作(多个机器的话也可以并行)，然后再将结果合并，其实从直观上也能推出Dask肯定是这么做的。

# 安装库(清华镜像)# pip install dask -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simpleimport osimport gc # 垃圾回收接口from tqdm import tqdm # 进度条库import dask # 并行计算接口from dask.diagnostics import ProgressBarimport numpy as npimport pandas as pdimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport timeimport dask.dataframe as dd # dask中的数表处理库 import sys # 外部参数获取接口

面对海量数据，跑完一个模块的代码就可以加一行gc.collect()来做内存碎片回收，Dask Dataframes与Pandas Dataframes具有相同的API

gc.collect()

42

# 加载数据data = dd.read_csv('UserBehavior_all.csv')# 需要时可以设置blocksize=参数来手工指定划分方法，默认是64MB(需要设置为总线的倍数，否则会放慢速度)data.head()

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dataDask DataFrame Structure :

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Dask Name: read-csv, 58 tasks

与pandas不同，这里我们仅获取数据框的结构，而不是实际数据框。Dask已将数据帧分为几块加载，这些块存在 于磁盘上，而不存在于RAM中。如果必须输出数据帧，则首先需要将所有数据帧都放入RAM，将它们缝合在一 起，然后展示最终的数据帧。使用.compute()强迫它这样做，否则它不.compute() 。其实dask使用了一种延迟数 据加载机制，这种延迟机制类似于python的迭代器组件，只有当需要使用数据的时候才会去真正加载数据。

# 真正加载数据 data.compute()

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# 可视化工作进程，58个分区任务 data.visualize()

数据预处理

数据压缩

# 查看现在的数据类型 data.dtypes

U_Id int64T_Id int64C_Id int64Be_type objectTs int64dtype: object

# 压缩成32位uint，无符号整型，因为交易数据没有负数 dtypes = {'U_Id': 'uint32','T_Id': 'uint32','C_Id': 'uint32','Be_type': 'object','Ts': 'int64'}data = data.astype(dtypes)

data.dtypes

U_Id uint32T_Id uint32C_Id uint32Be_type objectTs int64dtype: object

缺失值

# 以dask接口读取的数据，无法直接用.isnull()等pandas常用函数筛查缺失值 data.isnull()

Dask DataFrame Structure :

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columns1 = [ 'U_Id', 'T_Id', 'C_Id', 'Be_type', 'Ts']tmpDf1 = pd.DataFrame(columns=columns1)tmpDf1

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s = data["U_Id"].isna()s.loc[s == True]

Dask Series Structure:npartitions=58bool ...... ......Name: U_Id, dtype: boolDask Name: loc-series, 348 tasks

U_Id列缺失值数目为0 T_Id列缺失值数目为0 C_Id列缺失值数目为0 Be_type列缺失值数目为0 Ts列缺失值数目为0

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无缺失值

数据探索与可视化

这里我们使用pyecharts库。pyecharts是一款将python与百度开源的echarts结合的数据可视化工具。新版的1.X和旧版的0.5.X版本代码规则大 不相同，新版详见官方文档https://gallery.pyecharts.org/#/README

# pip install pyecharts -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simpleRequirement already satisfied: pyecharts in d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages (0.1.9.4)Requirement already satisfied: jinja2 in d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages (from pyecharts)(3.0.2)Requirement already satisfied: future in d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages (from pyecharts)(0.18.2)Requirement already satisfied: pillow in d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages (from pyecharts)(8.3.2)Requirement already satisfied: MarkupSafe=2.0 in d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages (fromjinja2-pyecharts) (2.0.1)Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.U_Id列缺失值数目为0 T_Id列缺失值数目为0 C_Id列缺失值数目为0 Be_type列缺失值数目为0 Ts列缺失值数目为0

WARNING: Ignoring invalid distribution -umpy (d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages)WARNING: Ignoring invalid distribution -ip (d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages)WARNING: Ignoring invalid distribution -umpy (d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages)WARNING: Ignoring invalid distribution -ip (d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages)WARNING: Ignoring invalid distribution -umpy (d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages)WARNING: Ignoring invalid distribution -ip (d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages)WARNING: Ignoring invalid distribution -umpy (d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages)WARNING: Ignoring invalid distribution -ip (d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages)WARNING: Ignoring invalid distribution -umpy (d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages)WARNING: Ignoring invalid distribution -ip (d:\anaconda\lib\site-packages)

# 例如，我们想画一张漂亮的饼图来看各种用户行为的占比 data["Be_type"]

# 使用dask的时候，所有支持的原pandas的函数后面需加.compute()才能最终执行 Be_counts = data["Be_type"].value_counts().compute()Be_counts

pv 89716264cart 5530446fav 2888258buy 2015839Name: Be_type, dtype: int64

Be_index = Be_counts.index.tolist() # 提取标签Be_index

['pv', 'cart', 'fav', 'buy']

Be_values = Be_counts.values.tolist() # 提取数值 Be_values

[89716264, 5530446, 2888258, 2015839]

from pyecharts import options as optsfrom pyecharts.charts import Pie

#pie这个包里的数据必须传入由元组组成的列表c = Pie()c.add("", [list(z) for z in zip(Be_index, Be_values)]) # zip函数的作用是将可迭代对象打包成一 个个元组，然后返回这些元组组成的列表 c.set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="用户行为")) # 全局参数(图命名) c.set_series_opts(label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(formatter="{b}: {c}"))c.render_notebook() # 输出到当前notebook环境# c.render("pie_base.html") # 若需要可以将图输出到本机

pyecharts.charts.basic_charts.pie.Pie at 0x1b2da75ae48

div id="490361952ca944fcab93351482e4b254" style="width:900px; height:500px;"/div

from pyecharts.charts import Funnel # 旧版的pyecharts不需要.charts即可import import pyecharts.options as optsfrom IPython.display import Image as IMGfrom pyecharts import options as optsfrom pyecharts.charts import Pie

pyecharts.charts.basic_charts.funnel.Funnel at 0x1b2939d50c8

div id="071b3b906c27405aaf6bc7a686e36aaa" style="width:800px; height:400px;"/div

时间戳转换

dask对于时间戳的支持非常不友好

type(data)

dask.dataframe.core.DataFrame

data['Ts1']=data['Ts'].apply(lambda x: time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.localtime(x)))data['Ts2']=data['Ts'].apply(lambda x: time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d", time.localtime(x)))data['Ts3']=data['Ts'].apply(lambda x: time.strftime("%H:%M:%S", time.localtime(x)))

D:\anaconda\lib\site-packages\dask\dataframe\core.py:3701: UserWarning:You did not provide metadata, so Dask is running your function on a small dataset toguess output types. It is possible that Dask will guess incorrectly.To provide an explicit output types or to silence this message, please provide the`meta=` keyword, as described in the map or apply function that you are using.Before: .apply(func)After: .apply(func, meta=('Ts', 'object'))warnings.warn(meta_warning(meta))

data.head(1)

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data.dtypes

U_Id uint32T_Id uint32C_Id uint32Be_type objectTs int64Ts1 objectTs2 objectTs3 objectdtype: object

抽取一部分数据来调试代码

df = data.head(1000000)df.head(1)

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用户流量和购买时间情况分析

用户行为统计表

describe = df.loc[:,["U_Id","Be_type"]]ids = pd.DataFrame(np.zeros(len(set(list(df["U_Id"])))),index=set(list(df["U_Id"])))pv_class=describe[describe["Be_type"]=="pv"].groupby("U_Id").count()pv_class.columns = ["pv"]buy_class=describe[describe["Be_type"]=="buy"].groupby("U_Id").count()buy_class.columns = ["buy"]fav_class=describe[describe["Be_type"]=="fav"].groupby("U_Id").count()fav_class.columns = ["fav"]cart_class=describe[describe["Be_type"]=="cart"].groupby("U_Id").count()cart_class.columns = ["cart"]user_behavior_counts=ids.join(pv_class).join(fav_class).join(cart_class).join(buy_class).iloc[:,1:]user_behavior_counts.head()

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总访问量成交量时间变化分析(天)

from matplotlib import font_manager# 解决坐标轴刻度负号乱码# 解决负号'-'显示为方块的问题 plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False # 解决中文乱码问题 plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Simhei']

由总访问量、成交量时间变化分析知，从17年11月25日至17年12月1日访问量和成交量存在小幅波动，2017年12 月2日访问量和成交量均出现大幅上升，2日、3日两天保持高访问量和高成交量。此现象原因之一为12月2日和3 日为周末，同时考虑2日3日可能存在某些促销活动，可结合实际业务情况进行具体分析。(图中周五访问量有上 升，但成交量出现下降，推测此现象可能与周末活动导致周五推迟成交有关。)

总访问量成交量时间变化分析(小时)

# 数据准备 df_pv_timestamp=df[df["Be_type"]=="pv"][["Be_type","Ts1"]] df_pv_timestamp["Ts1"] = pd.to_datetime(df_pv_timestamp["Ts1"])df_pv_timestamp=df_pv_timestamp.set_index("Ts1")df_pv_timestamp=df_pv_timestamp.resample("H").count()["Be_type"]df_pv_timestampdf_buy_timestamp=df[df["Be_type"]=="buy"][["Be_type","Ts1"]]df_buy_timestamp["Ts1"] = pd.to_datetime(df_buy_timestamp["Ts1"])df_buy_timestamp=df_buy_timestamp.set_index("Ts1")df_buy_timestamp=df_buy_timestamp.resample("H").count()["Be_type"]df_buy_timestamp

Ts12017-09-11 16:00:00 12017-09-11 17:00:00 02017-09-11 18:00:00 02017-09-11 19:00:00 02017-09-11 20:00:00 0...2017-12-03 20:00:00 85872017-12-03 21:00:00 104132017-12-03 22:00:00 98622017-12-03 23:00:00 72262017-12-04 00:00:00 1Freq: H, Name: Be_type, Length: 2001, dtype: int64

Ts12017-11-25 00:00:00 642017-11-25 01:00:00 292017-11-25 02:00:00 182017-11-25 03:00:00 82017-11-25 04:00:00 3...2017-12-03 19:00:00 1412017-12-03 20:00:00 1592017-12-03 21:00:00 1542017-12-03 22:00:00 1542017-12-03 23:00:00 123Freq: H, Name: Be_type, Length: 216, dtype: int64

#绘图plt.figure(figsize=(20,6),dpi =70)x2= df_buy_timestamp.index plt.plot(range(len(x2)),df_buy_timestamp.values,label="成交量",color="blue",linewidth=2) plt.title("总成交量变化折现图(小时)")x2 = [i.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M") for i in x2]plt.xticks(range(len(x2))[::4],x2[::4],rotation=90)plt.xlabel("Ts2")plt.ylabel("Ts3")plt.grid(alpha=0.4);

思路:不考虑时间窗口，只以用户的点击和收藏等行为来预测是否购买 流程:以用户ID(U_Id)为分组键，将每位用户的点击、收藏、加购物车的行为统计出来，分别为

是否点击，点击次数;是否收藏，收藏次数;是否加购物车，加购物车次数

以此来预测最终是否购买

# 去掉时间戳df = df[["U_Id", "T_Id", "C_Id", "Be_type"]] df

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行为类型

U_Id1 [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,... 100 [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,... 115 [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,3,...117 [4,1,1,1,1,1,1,4,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,...118 [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,...Name: Be_type1, dtype: object

最后创建一个DataFrame用来存储等下计算出的用户行为。

df_new = pd.DataFrame()

点击次数

df_new['pv_much'] = df_Be.apply(lambda x: Counter(x)['1'])df_new

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加购次数

#是否加购df_new['is_cart'] = df_Be.apply(lambda x: 1 if '2' in x else 0) df_new

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#加购了几次df_new['cart_much'] = df_Be.apply(lambda x: 0 if '2' not in x else Counter(x)['2']) df_new

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收藏次数

#是否收藏df_new['is_fav'] = df_Be.apply(lambda x: 1 if '3' in x else 0) df_new

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#收藏了几次df_new['fav_much'] = df_Be.apply(lambda x: 0 if '3' not in x else Counter(x)['3']) df_new

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相关分析

#部分数据 df_new.corr('spearman')

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是否加购与加购次数、是否收藏与收藏次数之间存在一定相关性，但经验证剔除其中之一与纳入全部变量效果基本一致，故之后使用全部变量建模。

数据标签

import seaborn as sns

#是否购买df_new['is_buy'] = df_Be.apply(lambda x: 1 if '4' in x else 0) df_new

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df_new.is_buy.value_counts()

1 66890 3050Name: is_buy, dtype: int64

df_new['label'] = df_new['is_buy']del df_new['is_buy']

df_new.head()

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f,ax=plt.subplots(1,2,figsize=(12,5)) sns.set_palette(["#9b59b6","#3498db",]) #设置所有图的颜色，使用hls色彩空间 sns.distplot(df_new['fav_much'],bins=30,kde=True,label='123',ax=ax[0]); sns.distplot(df_new['cart_much'],bins=30,kde=True,label='12',ax=ax[1]);

C:\Users\CDA\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\seaborn\distributions.py:2619: FutureWarning:`distplot` is a deprecated function and will be removed in a future version. Please adaptyour code to use either `displot` (a figure-level function with similar flexibility) or`histplot` (an axes-level function for histograms).warnings.warn(msg, FutureWarning)C:\Users\CDA\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\seaborn\distributions.py:2619: FutureWarning:`distplot` is a deprecated function and will be removed in a future version. Please adaptyour code to use either `displot` (a figure-level function with similar flexibility) or`histplot` (an axes-level function for histograms).warnings.warn(msg, FutureWarning)

划分数据集

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

X = df_new.iloc[:,:-1]Y = df_new.iloc[:,-1]

X.head()Y.head()

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U_Id10100 1115 0117 1118 0Name: label, dtype: int64

Xtrain,Xtest,Ytrain,Ytest = train_test_split(X,Y,test_size= 0.3,random_state= 42)

逻辑回归

模型建立

from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression

LR_1 = LogisticRegression().fit(Xtrain,Ytrain)

#简单测试 LR_1.score(Xtest,Ytest)

0.6741957563312799

模型评估

from sklearn import metricsfrom sklearn.metrics import classification_reportfrom sklearn.metrics import auc,roc_curve

#混淆矩阵print(metrics.confusion_matrix(Ytest, LR_1.predict(Xtest)))

[[ 0 952][ 0 1970]]

print(classification_report(Ytest,LR_1.predict(Xtest)))

D:\anaconda\lib\site-packages\sklearn\metrics\_classification.py:1308:UndefinedMetricWarning: Precision and F-score are ill-defined and being set to 0.0 inlabels with no predicted samples. Use `zero_division` parameter to control this behavior._warn_prf(average, modifier, msg_start, len(result))D:\anaconda\lib\site-packages\sklearn\metrics\_classification.py:1308:UndefinedMetricWarning: Precision and F-score are ill-defined and being set to 0.0 inlabels with no predicted samples. Use `zero_division` parameter to control this behavior._warn_prf(average, modifier, msg_start, len(result))D:\anaconda\lib\site-packages\sklearn\metrics\_classification.py:1308:UndefinedMetricWarning: Precision and F-score are ill-defined and being set to 0.0 inlabels with no predicted samples. Use `zero_division` parameter to control this behavior._warn_prf(average, modifier, msg_start, len(result))

fpr,tpr,threshold = roc_curve(Ytest,LR_1.predict_proba(Xtest)[:,1])roc_auc = auc(fpr,tpr)print(roc_auc)

0.6379193682549162

随机森林

模型建立

from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier

rfc = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=200, max_depth=1)rfc.fit(Xtrain, Ytrain)

RandomForestClassifier(max_depth=1, n_estimators=200)

模型评估

#混淆矩阵print(metrics.confusion_matrix(Ytest, rfc.predict(Xtest)))

[[ 0 952][ 0 1970]]

#分类报告print(metrics.classification_report(Ytest, rfc.predict(Xtest)))

D:\anaconda\lib\site-packages\sklearn\metrics\_classification.py:1308:UndefinedMetricWarning: Precision and F-score are ill-defined and being set to 0.0 inlabels with no predicted samples. Use `zero_division` parameter to control this behavior._warn_prf(average, modifier, msg_start, len(result))D:\anaconda\lib\site-packages\sklearn\metrics\_classification.py:1308:UndefinedMetricWarning: Precision and F-score are ill-defined and being set to 0.0 inlabels with no predicted samples. Use `zero_division` parameter to control this behavior._warn_prf(average, modifier, msg_start, len(result))D:\anaconda\lib\site-packages\sklearn\metrics\_classification.py:1308:UndefinedMetricWarning: Precision and F-score are ill-defined and being set to 0.0 inlabels with no predicted samples. Use `zero_division` parameter to control this behavior._warn_prf(average, modifier, msg_start, len(result))